Sunday, January 26, 2020

Air quality in guangzhou

Air quality in guangzhou 1. Introduction Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong Province , is going to hold the 16th Asian Games in November 2010. Athletes and couches coming from 45 countries and regions will participate in the Asian Games which last for more than two weeks. Strongly competent as a host city (Table 1), Guangzhou is famous for its natural scenario of Baiyun Mountain and Pearl River, for its food and beverages, and for an enjoyable lifestyle. Thanks to the event, Guangzhou is now under the spotlight and attracts even more attention from both home and abroad. Table 1 Quick facts of Guangzhou (Guangzhou International 2009) Name Guangzhou / Location Southern China Climate type Subtropical monsoon climate Area 7263 km2 Population (registered residents, 2008) 7.8 million GDP per capita (2008) 11,696 USD However, there is still suspicion about the air quality of Guangzhou. Whether it can sufficiently manage the problem air pollution remains a concern. In 1970s-1980s, manufacturing industry served as an important driver for the development of Guangzhou. Nowadays, exhaust gas of automobiles has become the major source of urban air pollution (He 2009). As a result, atmospheric pollution is not a new problem for the city. To tackle this problem, the municipal government has adopted a series of approaches. It announced to invest 600 million RMB (88 million USD) to lever a total of 2.4 billion RMB within two years to tackle air pollution, and 123 factories were moved or shut down in 2009 because of their heavy pollution to the air. (Yuan 2009) Most importantly, the government issued a three-year plan (2008-2010) with detailed, quantified criteria and clearly defined responsibility is to coordinate collective action to reduce air pollution (Guangzhou Municipality 2008). In such context, this report attempts to review and analyze the recent state of air pollution in Guangzhou, as well as to evaluate its health impact on human. In the end, the report seeks to assess Guangzhous capability hold the Asian Games with satisfactory air quality. 2. Air Pollution in Guangzhou The following figure (Fig. 2) summarizes the state of air in Guangzhou for the last ten years. From 2000, severity of air pollution began to increase, and reached its peak around 2004. Since then, air condition in Guangzhou started to improve and became much better recently. According to a recent analysis (PRDAIR 2009), most part of Guangzhou has reached Grade II in terms of Regional Air Quality Index, or RAQI (Fig. 3), which means concentration of all pollutants are generally within Grade 2 of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Note: several data points for 2000 and 2009 are missing here due to inaccessibility. Considering the representativeness and accessibility of data, this report choose SO2, NO2 and respirable suspended particulates (PM10 or RSP) as main indicators for air pollution in Guangzhou. Thanks to the citys environmental protection website which reports atmospheric information and data since 2000 (GZEP 2010), enough though not abundant data can be achieved and traced back to specific monitoring stations in the city. It should be noticed that unlike the PRDAIR research result above, the air quality data here are recorded in terms of Air Pollution Index (API), which is based on absolute concentration (e.g. mg/m3). Among these 10 monitoring stations, locations of five of them can be identified in public online mapping system (Google Maps). Considering that the Asian Games is going to be held in November, the report selected monthly average air quality data for November from 2000 to 2009, and present them with station mapping information SO2. Strong policies have greatly reduced SO2 emission, especially restricting policies on heavy industry factories. One most visible example is that 147 polluting firms in the old city centre had been either moved or shut down from 1998 to 2005. In addition, public and private investments in desulphurizing facilities for factories, heating and cooking have also decreased SO2 pollution. (Zhou 2008) By the year of 2009, SO2 concentration monitored at all the five stations are below 50, which reaches Grade II regarding the national air quality grading system. NO2. Reduction in NO2 emission is less significant than that of SO2. In Guangzhou, exhaust of automobile is the main source of NO2 emission (Zhou 2008). Despite the policy which completely bans motorbike from entering central urban area since 2007 (Guangzhou Municipality 2004), NO2 concentration increased again in 2009 after a short-term drop in 2008. Restricting motorbikes has not contributed much to overall NO2 reduction, because people enjoying an increasing income may shift from motorbikes to cars. Moreover, emission from local industry is not controlled as strictly as that of SO2 emission, which also offset the effect of motorbike ban. (Zhou 2008) PM10. Pollution of suspended particulates is relative severe. Even the lowest average level monitored (at Station 4) is above 50. PM10 is a secondary pollutant, and its generation can be traced back to automobile exhausts and industrial activities in the city (He 2009). In 2009, count of days with haze for the first half of year was 96, while for the second half was 14. It is believed that this abrupt decrease is related to aftermath of global financial crisis—reduced manufacturing activity and logistics activity. Though level of PM10 pollution in Guangzhou is lower than many Asian cities (GZEP 2010; ADB 2006), it is as high as three times of the guideline standard of World Health Organization (WHO 2006). In fact, PM10 is closely related to respiratory diseases, which is among main concerns of public health in Guangzhou. Its impact on human health will be examined in the next section. 3. Health Impact of Air Pollution On average, one person takes in 15 m3 of air per day (He 2009). Clean air is thus essential to human health. By 2008, annual average concentrations of NO2 and PM10 have both exceeded the WHO air quality guideline level, and PM10 concentration is slightly above WHOs interim target (GZEP 2010; WHO 2006). According to data from GZEP (2010), PM10 is the major pollutant of air pollution. Moreover, it has the primary health impact on human respiratory organs. A study shows that the harm done by pollution of particulates on body is comparable to that by cigarette smoking (ALA 2009). This might contribute to the fact that rate of lung cancer has not significantly decreased although rate of cigarette smoking in Guangzhou is largely reduced (He 2009). In the short-term, pollution of particulates can be severe, or even death. Besides coughing and wheezing, asthma and dysfunction of lung may also be caused by exposure to particulate pollution. Previous researches have strengthened the relation between short-term to many public health problems. Hong et al. (2002) observe a positive link between increased PM concentration and stroke mortality in Seoul, Korea. Another research in Gaoxiong, Taiwan also implies the relation of particulate pollution with occurrence of strokes (Tsai et al. 2003). Long-term, or chronic exposure to particulate pollutants has significant health impact. According to Pope (2000), long-term particulate pollution can result in one to three years of human life shortening. Health impact of chronic air pollution can be seen in many ways in everyday life of Cantonese people, particularly in elder Cantonese people. Lung cancer has become a common disease in Guangzhou. In 2008, Dr. Nanshan Zhong, director of Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, discovered through operations that lungs of Cantonese above 50 years old were usually â€Å"black†, even if they did not have lung diseases (He 2009). But one needs to notice that this phenomenon is related to previous rather than present status of air quality in Guangzhou, because it is common only in the above-50 age group. 4. Conclusion: Ready for the Asian Lungs? Venues and infrastructure are being built. Personnel and volunteers are being trained or have already start working. Guangzhou is definitely making an effort to welcome the quests for Asian Games. But whether the air in Guangzhou is ready for the Games remains unclear. On one hand, the problem of air pollution in Guangzhou have caused severe public health problem, and does not have a simple solution. Past research also shows that air quality is worse in winter and spring than in summer and autumn (PRDAIR 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009). These have all given rise to health concern and may potentially undermine the 16th Asian Games. However, on the other hand, environmental monitoring data indicate that air quality in Guangzhou is improving, and Guangzhou Municipality has implemented a strict air quality management plan with clearly defined responsibility for specific departments. It is also considering some of the successful strategies taken in Beijing Olympic Games 2008. (Guangzhou Municipality 2008) Judging from previous successful experience of SO2 emission reduction and Olympic Games, the new implementation plan seems promising. Therefore, it is still difficult to determine whether Guangzhou will be able to manage its air quality to a satisfactory level and provide the Asian Games with clean air. But regarding the governments strong will to tackle air pollution, it is possible that air pollution could be managed for the Asian Games, but it is highly likely that most of the pollution reduction would be temporary rather than sustainable, and air pollution would slightly rebound after the Asian Games. References American Lung Association (ALA). 2009. State of the Air 2009. New York: Hard Copy Printing. Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2006. Urban Air Quality Management: Summary of Country/City Synthesis Reports across Asia. Philippines: Asian Development Bank. Google Maps. URL: http://maps.google.com. [consulted 3 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou Development District Planning Bureau (GDDPB). 2007. ‘Map of Guangzhou after Adjustment. URL: http://ghj.luogang.gov.cn/old/zcfg/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=60. [consulted 5 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou Environmental Protection (GZEP). 2010. Online environmental information reporting and searching services. URL: http://www.gzepb.gov.cn/was40/api/. [consulted 3 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou International. ‘Facts, official website of Guangzhou Municipality. URL: http://www.gz.gov.cn/vfs/web/gzeng_new/Facts.html. [consulted 3 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou Municipality. 2004. Announcement on restricting motorbikes in parts of urban area. Suifu [2004] No. 11. 2008. 2008-2010 air pollution in the implementation of comprehensive improvement plan. Guangzhou. He, L. D. 2009. Cheng shi kong qi wu ran diao cha: Guang zhou zen me le [Survey on urban air pollution: what has happened to Guangzhou?]. Xinmin Weekly, 16 Apr 2009. Hong, Y., Lee, J., Kim, H., Ha, E., Schwartz, J. and Christiani, D.C. 2002. Effects of Air Pollutants on Acute Stroke Mortality. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(2): 187-191. Pope, C. A. 2000. Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biological mechanisms and whos at risk? Environ Health Perspect 2000(108): 713-723. Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network (PRDAIR). 2005. A report of Monitoring Results in 2005. Report Number: PRDAIR-2005-1. 2006. A report of Monitoring Results in 2006. Report Number: PRDAIR-2006-2. 2007. A report of Monitoring Results in 2007. Report Number: PRDAIR-2007-2. 2008. A report of Monitoring Results in 2008. Report Number: PRDAIR-2008-2. 2009. A report of Monitoring Results for the Period between January and June 2009. Report Number: PRDAIR-2009- Tsai, S.S., Goggins, W.B., Chiu, H.F., and Yang, C.Y. 2003. Evidence for an association between air pollution and daily stroke admissions in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Stroke 2003(34): 2612-2616. World Health Organization (WHO). 2006. WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide (Global Update 2005). Switzerland: WHO. Yuan, D. 2009. Guang zhou tou 6 yi zhi kong qi wu ran [Guangzhou invests 600 million against air pollution]. Nanfang Daily, 6 Jul 2009. The RAQI, used by governments of Guangdong and Hong Kong to jointly report regional air quality, is a composite indicator for measuring the aggregate level of SO2, NO2, ozone and respirable suspended particulates (PM10). The higher the index value, the higher the regional air pollution levels. The index value is in positive relation to the higher the regional air pollution levels. (PRDAIR 2008)

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Unit 3: Supporting Children Level 3

CACHE Level 3 Certificate and Level 3 Diploma in Child Care and Education. Unit 3: Supporting Children Dressing Appropraitely- To be a good role model for young children in a school setting, i think it's very important to dress appropriately. When i'm at my placement i wear my college T-shirt to make it clear to staff and parents that i'm not a member of staff and that i am only a student. It is very important that parents know that i am only a student, as they will know not to tell me any information or details that could put me in a uncomfortable situation.I always make sure your hair is tied up to prevent any accidents that may happen, you should also make sure your make-up looks natural as you will look more friendly to the children and it will show you respect the schools rules. Dressing appropriately makes you more approachable to the children than someone with lots of make-up on. Using Positive Language – It is very important to use good and positive language around you ng children. while children are young they can copy most things you say to them so you need them to be copying positive language. sing good and positive language around children can teach them about good manners, you teach good language through communicating with the children, by having conversations and doing different activities with them. While i'm on my placement i am always hearing the children say something i had said to them earlier on, this made me realise how quickly they pick up on things you say to them. I now know to keep using good and positive language to and around the children to encourage them to do the same. Being Helpful – Being helpful is a great way to be a good role model. Relevant materials: Cache Level 3, Childcare Unit 1 AssignmentWhen i'm on my placement i am always asking my supervisors if i can help out with anything around the classroom. If there is ever a time that i have nothing to do or i'm not sure what i'm meant to be doing i always ask if i can join in with the activities that they are doing. I think joining in with activities that the children are doing is a great way to build positive relationships with them and they know that you enjoy being abit silly with them. When all the children have finished playing with the toys they have got out i always encourage them to tidy it up and put it back where they found it. ncouraging children will teach them that they always need to tidy up after themselves and tidy away the toys that they have been playing with. You should always show then children when and how to tidy up. All this can help them progress their hygiene skills. Being Organised – While i'm on my placement i try to be as organi sed as i can be. I always make sure that i'm wearing my placement T-shirt and i have always got my folder. It's very important to encourage children to be organised themselves, you can do this by getting them used to their classroom routines which will help them be more independant.Helping the children to tidy up after themselves can also get them organised, as soon as they learn that they should always clear up after themselves the children will keep on doing it. Always remind the children what they should be doing, for example at home time they need to remember all the things they need to take home with them. Repeating the things they need to take home will help them remember and will stick in their mind this should make things alot easier. Appropriate behaviour – The most important thing to being a good role model is to always behave appropriately around children.When working in a primary school we can behave appropriately by talking to them on their level and not talking down to them. We should also let them know what sort of behaviour is expected of them while they are in our class and make them aware of the concequences of mis-behaving. If they are upset or hurt we should sit them down and talk to them being sympathetic about what has happened. If there is someone in the class being disruptive or not listening we should try to get them more involved in the activities we are doing to help keep them busy.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

The Fight Against Essay Editing Service

The Fight Against Essay Editing Service Essay Editing Service and Essay Editing Service - The Perfect Combination Choosing online essay writers isn't a nightmare anymore. Essay editor online highlights all sections of an essay that ought to be corrected. If for some reason, you continue to be not too comfortable about writing it, don't hesitate to appear at our sample essay. So if you'd like a flawless essay that's interesting to read, make sure that you give us a call! Particularly with the in depth instructions you will provide with your purchase. In the event you have questions in respect to our services and editing software, get in touch with our support group and get answers immediately. Use the assistance of true academic experts and receive the service you have earned! There are students who don't fully see the importance of picking trustworthy editing services. Life After Essay Editing Service When you prefer to make an essay, you will need to take a little time an d analysis surrounding the industry that you would desire to be mindful of. You don't need to let all your hard work go to waste. Aside from this, you also must find time to relax somehow. You put down a huge quantity of time and effort into getting everything together, therefore it's wise to take measures in order to safeguard your investment! Finding Essay Editing Service The database applications may incorporate mobility activities. Research paper editing is a quick company, which will certainly become your favorite one. So, you may rest assured your term paper service is going to be delivered by means of a pro. There are several such services that can be found on the net at the moment. In that instance, it's always superior to find assistance from a master in editing and proofreading. It's much better to employ an expert proofreader who's trained to spot and correct errors. A specialist will help you with your query. An ideal editing service will make it possible for you to structure the essay the most suitable ways to come across the very best response feasible for your achievement. Finding the Best Essay Editing Service Moreover, obtaining an expert paper editor look via your draft will not just save you a bit of time on other things to do, but nevertheless, it will also help you be certain that the paper in question is edited topnotch. To start with, our professionals are typically more experienced than a paper writer typically. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the majority of our clients require is essay writing. Alternately, professional customized paper writers are ready to do an academic paper effectively. What You Don't Know About Essay Editing Service There's no greater service that delivers college term papers of the identical high quality written by educated and expert writers. The perfect answer for the issue will definitely be found. The academic level is the overall level of competency the writer should need to finish your purchase. The next degree of essay check is medium-level information. Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Editing Service? Your text ought to be mistake-free and distinctive. As an example, students are anticipated to deliver academic papers and therefore need to use appropriate language, sentence structure, tenses, etc.. If you are thinking about how to compose an essay that has a good introduction, keep in mind that the words and phrases that you use need to be eye-catching and informative at exactly the same moment. Essays enable you to communicate your comprehension of the program and discuss the regions in which you are able to donate to the school community, in an interesting and expert manner. Essay Editing Service - the Story Deciding on the ideal essay service to assist you with your numerous assignments is essential if you wish to be effective in the academic field. To make certain you edit your essay properly, you will need to have a di ligent strategy and devote sufficient moment. An essay is merely one of the crucial things in the academic life. Our essay proofreading services will make sure you're on the right path. The Lost Secret of Essay Editing Service The business permits a promo discount code which every client can use any time they would like to. Therefore, when you have any questions regarding your present order, please don't hesitate to address them via our site or email. Our service is entirely secure and trusted! The pricing process is flexible, which means you can receive a better quote if you select a longer deadline. Finding Essay Editing Service If, however, you would like the very best, it can be well worth using an editing services. Then you definitely call for an expert editing services. If you're looking for a dependable and qualified expert editing solutions, you have arrived at the perfect spot! Proofreading services, along with editing solutions, can help you avoid many issues. After you pay for paper editing, you are going to get an exceptional top-quality editing support. Editing is a fundamental portion of the writing process, once you properly deal with it, make sure you get the maximum reward. Employing dissertation editing services is significantly easier then working on your assignment on your own. Utilizing dissertation editing services is much easier then working on your assignment all on your own. As you finish the very first draft of your essay, it's wise to have another set of eyes look at it. If it's necessary to order the paper late at night, we'll be happy to serve you. As a consequence, you've got to re-read your paper over and over to make sure that all your thoughts are understandable and simple to digest. If you want to obtain a research paper, online writing service like ours is just what you require. Contrary to what a lot of people believe, essay editing is not only about grammatically correct writing. Students may benefit greatly from the essay editing procedure.

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

The Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare - 1836 Words

Beowulf is one in a sea of many epic poems exemplifying battle, glory, great leaders, and, inevitably, death. Classic plot lines have followed the general flow of such stories from exposition to conflict to resolution, the majoity thriving off of a hero-villan mentality. The battle between good and evil has been perpetuated throughout history in literature and story. The media today suffers from the clear segregation of right and wrong just as much as society did in the days that Beowulf was first written. Though literary portrayals of good and evil appear clearcut, the identification of good and evil in daily life is complex and muddled. In Beowulf, there is an obvious divide between monsters and heroes; however, under closer scrutiny, heroes and monsters are not as dissimilar as they appear. Beowulf is portrayed as the fearless hero in his very own epic poem. A native of the Geats, Beowulf is â€Å"the mightiest man on earth,/ high-born and powerful† (197-198). He holds a po werful position as the Thane of Hygelac, king of the Geats as well as the title of a powerful monster slayer. Besides Beowulf’s prominent title and advantages in strength, what defines him as a hero? Those who have heard of Beowulf place unfailing belief in his abilities. The men of his homeland have faith in him even in the face of grave danger: â€Å"Nobody tried to keep him from going, no elder denied him, dear as he was to them. Instead they inspected omens and spurred his ambition to go, whillst heShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1549 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is one of the earliest and most famous works of English literature, and is still widely read today. However, over a thousand years has passed since it was written down in England, and even longer since it was originally spread by word of mouth in the old norse lands, and our values and concepts of the world are radically different than the people of Beowulf’s age. Although the epic Beowulf shows their concept of simplistic duality, in which there is only black and white, good and evil, theRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare932 Words   |  4 Pageshave the values of being kind and modest. Before Beowulf arrived to Herot he was known for his heroism, which was shown again and again during the fight with Grendel, the fight with Grendel’s mother, and his final battle with the dragon. While his h eroism was shown at each of these events, there were changes in his heroic nature over time. Regardless of these changes, he was still seen as the mighty hero throughout the epic poem of Beowulf. As Beowulf was making his voyage to Herot from Geatland toRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare939 Words   |  4 Pageswithout actually writing things down. These epics would be passed from one another through verbal communication and were based around different aspects of life for a someone of Anglo-Saxon descent. The story Beowulf is a perfect example of how Anglo-Saxons based their stories around their beliefs on how a hero should behave. Around the time the story was first told, people were often terrified of the horrible things in the world. The character Beowulf was built around how a hero would be representedRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare977 Words   |  4 Pageslooking at a culture’s epic tales and heroes one can get an insight to the culture’s values and traits that are noble to them. Beowulf, as an epic hero, is a direct representation of the ideal man as seen through Anglo-Saxon eyes. In looking at the poem Beowulf an d analyzing the characteristics of the epic hero, it will become evident the desired attributes that were desired in the Anglo-Saxon culture: physical strength, pride, bravery, selflessness, and loyalty. An epic hero is a person thatRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare953 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is one of the most well known pieces of literature in history. Written between 700 and 1000 AD, this poem has captured the minds of scholars, historians, and readers across the globe. However, despite the fact that it has been passed down for numerous centuries, perhaps one of its most fascinating characteristics are the intriguing battles that Beowulf, the protagonist, takes on. Throughout this epic poem, Beowulf takes on many battles, all of which are practically unwinnable. Each battleRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1549 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is one of the earliest and most famous works of English literature, and is still widely read today. However, over a thousand years has passed since it was written down in England, and even longer since it was originally spread by word of mouth in the old Norse lands, and our values and concepts of th e world are radically different than the people of Beowulf’s age. Although the epic Beowulf shows their concept of simplistic duality, in which there is only black and white, good and evil, theRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare935 Words   |  4 Pageshis life for the good of others , well Beowulf was both. In the novel Beowulf , to me, the main theme of the entire story is heroism. Beowulf is your knight in shining armor or your fire fighter who goes into a living hell to save a kitten. Heroism is scattered all over this epic poem. Sure paganism and christianity are in it as well as good vs evil but they are not as i would say the backbone of Beowulf. to prove my opinion I shall gather quotes from the epic novel would strongly aid the fact thatRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1176 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen nearly fifteen movies that were made after â€Å"Beowulf†. It may be due to the fact that â€Å"Beowulf† is one of th e most famous epic poems in the English Literature history. It is also the oldest surviving epic poem to date. â€Å"Beowulf† was written in 10000 AD in Old English by an author who remains unknown. In â€Å"Beowulf†, there are many important literary elements that help empathize the main motif of the poem. The motif of this poem is courage. Beowulf is about courage and it is shown through the charactersRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1401 Words   |  6 PagesAnglo-Saxon focus qualities. A champion amongst the most prestigious works from that time period is Beowulf. The story tells us of how one man, Beowulf, sails to the rescue of King Hrothgar and his kinfolk remembering the final objective to extra them from a horrifying beast that is undermining their lives and additionally their way of life. The warrior Beowulf without a doubt demonstrates characteristics of an epic legend through valor, dedication, generosity, family relationship, accomplishi ng somethingRead MoreThe Heroes Of The Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1292 Words   |  6 PagesEpics consists of benevolent or disastrous intervention from the supernatural world, and the superhuman capabilities that the heroes and antiheroes occupy. Tales like these represent the characteristics of what heroes are considered to be during the time they were written; however, they follow a specific formula, namely that the Gods intervene in the lives of the hero and, that the hero is burdened with a tragic flaw. In Virgil’s Aeneid, it is Aeneas’ dangerous disobedience to the ordinances of the